BIBLE/COMPLETE

The God of the Bible The Bible teaches that God is the source and substance of all life. "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth"(Gen 1:1). "Hath not my hand made all these things" (Acts 7:50). "God that made the world and all things therein..." (Acts 17:24). But how? And, how is man to comprehend such a thing? "Through faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the word of God, so that what is seen hath not been made out of things which do appear" (Heb 11:3). Genesis 1-3 shows that God created the Universe, setting it in motion; and created the earth, populating it with animals. God's final creative act was to make man from the dust of the ground and give him dominion over all the earth. Having been created in the spiritual image of God, man was God's crowning glory. The Bible tells us of God's dealing with man from the beginning until about the year 100 A.D. THE GREAT RETURN MUST START WITH A RETURN TO GOD!!! The Universal Concept of God Evidences His Existence. "... he that cometh to God, must believe that He is, and that He is a rewarder of them that diligently seek Him" (Heb 11:6). Men in all ages have worshipped someone, or something which indicates a universal inner-acknowledgement that there is someone higher than themselves to which they must give honor, respect and glory. In other words, everyone acts like and feels that God is, therefore, He is. The Bible says that God put that feeling in man (Acts 17:27) and Acts 17:22-31 tells us why. Concerning man's knowledge of God, the Bible says, "... that which may be known of God is manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them. For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse" (Rom 1:19-20). The things that are "made" (referring to man) "understand' God and are able to "clearly see" the "invisible things" because they are from the source of life -- God. This must mean that God has placed within man the "tendency" to feel after God which is inherently a part of his nature and "understood" in the sense that he naturally knows it since it is a part of his nature. Why then, do not all believe the same about God? The Bible says, "Because that when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened" (Rom 1:21). What did they do when their imaginations became vain and their hearts were darkened (Rom 1:22-25)?

* Professed to be wise, they became fools * Changed the glory of God to an image like: man, birds, animals, insects *Dishonored their own bodies between themselves * Changed the truth of God to a lie * Worshipped and served the creature more than the Creator

They began to worship idols -- things they could see. Read Rom 1:19-32. But, the point is this : Though they corrupted and changed the worship of God from that which He had intended, the fact that men worship (no matter whom, or what) is a testimony of the truth that God exists. A Moral World Attests to the Existence of God Moral governments in the world implies the existence of a moral governor. If man is a moral being, subject to moral law, then there must be a moral authority by which this government is enforced. In every society men have a standard of right and wrong. These standards may vary with regard to some things, but other things such as lying, killing, or stealing are generally "wrong" everywhere. It is "right" to tell the truth and pay your debts. How did man come to consider some things "good" and others "bad"? Who told him? It was his conscience. His conscience tells him there is "right" and there is "wrong" and he can choose between them. Why? This shows that man is a moral being, subject to moral law (wrong vs. right) and that a moral Governor (God) will sit in judgment. Man also trusts that justice will be done, and since nature knows nothing of justice, there is one (God) above nature who will provide this justice. Justice will be meted out by God at the final judgment day. The Testimony of Nature Declares that God Exists Two Arabs were camping on the desert. The next morning one of the men looked out of the opening of the tent and said, "A camel passed this way last night." His companion replied, "How do you know? I don't see a camel." To which, the first man replied, "I can tell by the tracks." The Bible says, "the heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth His handiwork" (Psa 19:1). God's "handiwork" or "tracks" are on display in His universe. Can man see these "tracks" or this "handiwork"? The Bible says, "God hath showed it unto them ... are clearly seen ..." (Rom 1:19-20). What are some of the signs of God's handiwork? First, with regard to the existence of the universe, the question might be asked, "Can you explain how the universe came into existence?" By accident, someone says. It all started by chance -- uncontrolled, unplanned. By so stating this person admits that there must have been a first Cause. An accepted law of science is that "something cannot come from nothing. " The universe is governed by "law". Laws are derived as a result of human observation and experience. One example is the law of gravity. But, it has come as a result of human observation. Is it infallible? Who knows but that heavier-than-air objects do remain suspended in space when we are not looking? We may believe they will always fall (as the law so states) but how can we be absolutely certain? Nevertheless, this is how "laws" are conceived. Since an accident has been suggested as the way in which the world came into being, what evidence is available concerning the law of "accidents"? Do accidents produce anything? The answer is yes. For example, a formula for rubber was accidentally discovered when someone spilled sulphur into a container of latex. So, accidents DO produce things. But, WHAT KINDS OF THINGS? Machines? Has a catastrophic event of nature ever produced a machine of any type? Has anyone ever seen or heard of a volcano erupting an automobile; or a hurricane creating a passenger bus; or a tidal wave constructing a movie projector? No! In fact, ALL EVIDENCE AT OUR DISPOSAL, both past and present, supports the thesis that EVERY MACHINE HAS A MAKER! This "law" has been formulated in the same way as the law of gravity. Furthermore, it harmonizes completely with God's word -- the Bible. Read Heb 3:1 where the writer says, "for every house is builded by some man ..." and he goes on to conclude, "but he that built all things is God."

Look at the watch on your arm. Observe the pen with which you are writing. Think about the glasses you use to read this print. Did they just appear suddenly and accidentally -- or DID SOMEONE MAKE THEM? The universe has been compared to a gigantic machine, with its parts moving in complete order and harmony. We can tell the time hundreds of years in advance because of the precision of planetary movements. For example, an astronomer can tell us the exact time the sun will rise on July 1, 2063 A.D. Is all of this possible as A RESULT OF BLIND CHANCE? No, it came as a result of "law" and the "law" is that EVERY HOUSE HAS A BUILDER. So, God's handiwork is vividly displayed in our planetary system. What are some other evidences of "design" in God's creation? "The human body is an example of intelligent design. The functioning of two hundred bones, five hundred muscles, and two thousand ligaments binding them together, present a wonderful example of harmonious planning and design". Thus we can say with the Psalmist, "I am fearfully and wonderfully made." Look at the wing of a bird. Who would insist that it is without design? Who can explain how food is taken into the body, then assimilated, and finally goes into the blood stream (man has hundreds of feet of blood vessels) only to come out in the form of energy? How does green grass when eaten by a black cow produce yellow butter? There are many other questions which could be asked similar to these -- but the fact that these questions are posed is the result of the following unavoidable factor. We can never see anything without at once thinking there must have been a cause for it; and we follow the chain of causes until we find some living agent. Before a book, there must be an author. Before the architecture, there must be an architect. Before a garden, blooming in beauty, there must be a gardener. Before a work of art, there was an artist. And before the creation, there was a Creator. This is axiomatic and self-evident. It needs no words of proof. Only a fool says, "There is no God" (Psa 14:1). God Is What? Though we may understand that God is, the searching question remains -- Is What? Does He sit out there somewhere on the periphery of the universe unconcerned, without interest in His creation. The point is: If we are ever to know what God is like, He must reveal Himself to us. Only then will we be able to tell what kind of personality He is -- whether good, or bad, cruel, or kind. The Bible gives us a revelation of the person and work of God.

HE IS PRESENTED AS A GOD WHO: Exists Independently of the World and Man God remains the same since he is not affected by the actions of men. God is not guilty of the sins and crimes of men for He is not involved in men, or their affairs. He existed before all things and exists apart from them. This does not mean, however, that he is disinterested in men and their actions. The Bible explains God's position in the matter -- He is concerned about man's welfare. Is All Powerful The many mighty deeds of God recorded in the Bible are indicative of his eternal greatness. Take, for example, the creation of the world: "And God said, Let there be light: and there was light" (Gen 1:3). Again we read: "And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground; and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul" (Gen 2:7). From these statements alone His omnipotence is clearly displayed. Is All Knowing Another attribute of God is his OMNISCIENCE. This means that God is unlimited in knowledge. The Bible says, "known unto God are all his works from the beginning of the world" (Acts 15:18). This statement implies an unsurpassed knowledge. From the time of the creation until now nothing has occurred of which God is unaware. "For he looketh to the ends of the earth, and seeth under the whole heaven" (Job 28:24). "The eyes of the Lord are in every place, beholding the evil and the good" (Prov 15:3). Is Spirit "God is a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth" (Jn 4:24). God has no physical form. Is Unchanging "I am the Lord, I change not" (Mal 3:6). Unlike men and things which are constantly changing, God remains the same. He is timeless -- " one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day'' (2 Pet 3:8). Being perfect, He has no need to "adjust" or "restore". Is Holy "... for I am Holy" (1 Pet 1:16). God is pure, not being defiled with sin. He is utterly good and is incapable of lying (Heb 6:18). He is perfect and we are admonished to be perfect also (Matt 5:48). We are also told to be holy for he is Holy (1 Pet 1:16). Is Love "For God so loved the world that he gave His only begotten son that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish but have everlasting life" (Jn 3:16). "But God commendeth His love toward us in that while we were yet sinners Christ died for us" (Rom 5:8). "God is love" (1 Jn 4:8). No other quality is more characteristic of God than love. Is Eternal He said, "I am because I am" (Exo 3:14). There was no beginning with God and there is no end. He always has been and He always will be. He is the great first Cause -- without which there is nothing. He is the life -- giving spring of all that we know as "life". Is Good and Severe "Behold therefore the goodness and severity of God" (Rom 11:22). God is certainly good, as Christ said in Matt 19:17, "There is none good but one, that is, God". However, the Bible shows us that God has another side also. God has made obedience incumbent upon man, and there is nothing which displeases God more than disobedience (1 Sam 15:22). "... to obey is better than to sacrifice ..." When Adam and Eve were disobedient they were forced to leave the garden of Eden (Gen 3:22-24). And when Nadab and Abihu offered strange fire as an act of worship to God, He sent fire from heaven and destroyed them (Lev 10:1-2). Moreover, the same God who sent fire upon these men will deal in like manner with the disobedient in the last day. "The Son of man shall send forth his angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all things that offend, and them which do iniquity; and shall cast them into a furnace of fire: there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth" (Matt 13:41-42). To refuse to recognize the Bible revelation concerning God's severity is a tragic mistake by many. Is Just "... the Father, who without respect of persons judgeth according to every man's work ..." (1 Pet 1:17). See also Acts 10:33-35 to note that God is fair in His judgments. Is the Provider of a Place Where the Redeemed of All Ages Will Be Forever Jesus said to His disciples, "I will go away and prepare a place for you... I will come again and receive you unto myself that where I am there you may be also" (Jn 14:1-6). This is a place reserved for the obedient. The God of the Bible as He has been revealed to us in nature. And, in order to comprehend something of His nature, we have examined the revelation of Him in the Bible. He is all-powerful, all-wise, omnipresent, love, holy, good, severe, and just. Through Christ, God revealed Himself as Father. It is the will of God that we think of Him as a loving Father. He desires to cherish and love us as sons and daughters. To those who become "sons of God" in truth, Jesus has said, "... They shall see God" (Matt 5:8).

Reasons for Believing the Bible is the Word of God Because of Its Obvious Origin The Bible is in the world -- how did it get here? Where did it come from? Men? There are two kinds of men -- those whose basic motives are good and those whose basic motives are bad. Good men would not have written the Bible and made it to lie by having it say, "Thus saith the Lord," if it was strictly their invention. Bad men would not have made a book which commands good duties, forbids sin and condemns their own souls to eternal punishment. Thus, the Bible must have come from another source, a supernatural source -- God. Because of Its Wonderful Unity * The Bible comes to us in two major divisions: Old Testament and New Testament. There are 39 books in the Old Testament and 27 in the New Testament. These books were written over a period of approximately 1,600 years by about forty men. Most of them never saw each other, yet there is perfect harmony in all they wrote. * There is a unity of doctrines concerning sin, salvation, God and man. * Its unity of purpose is to find man, to befriend man, to benefit man, and to redeem man from sin and death. * A unity of attitude is always apparent in its not hating man but condemning his sin. Because of Its Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy

Over 100 such prophecies made in the Old Testament were fulfilled in the New Testament (all of them were at least 400 years old, many over 800 years old, and some over 1,000 years old). These prophecies were fulfilled through the hand of God. Man cannot predict the future and control future events in this manner. Because Man Unaided Could Not Have Written It. If the Bible were from men, some man at sometime would have completely mastered its contents. But, the greatest scholars of all ages have failed to do so. What man has done, man can do again and do a better job next time. If the Bible came from men only, with his past experiences to help him he could produce another one like it, or superior to it. However, history reveals that no one has ever come near duplicating the Bible. Because of Its Superhuman Impartiality One of the most significant features of the Bible concerns the unbiased way in which certain facts are set forth. The good and bad qualities of man are revealed. This feature makes it all the more remarkable. What man in writing a book about his own life would publish his mistakes along with his successes? * Adam sinned and was expelled from his home. * Noah's intoxication was related with all of its repulsion. * David's transgression was revealed as an orgy of lust. * Peter's denial was mentioned as a trait of cowardice. Because of Its Doctrine of God Someone has said that the greatest evidence of the truthfulness of the Bible is the Jews (Israelites). The Jews, a peculiar people, were worshippers of one God (monotheism). How do you account for the monotheism of the scriptures? The world of the Israelites was one given to polytheism (worship of many gods), and they had every inducement to become polytheistic worshippers. The polytheism of the Egyptians was exactly what they made it since they produced it. However, the monotheism of the Jews was not what they made of it since they seldom chose to live by it. Yet, the Israelites followed a monotheistic scripture which constantly condemned them for their idolatry. Thus, the doctrine could not have been an evolvement from the prevalent religious traditions. It must have come from a supernatural source -- God. Because of Its Accuracy in Relating Topographical and Geographical Information Accuracy in these things is extremely difficult for writers and travelers to maintain. However, in both the Old Testament and New Testament, the writers are never at fault. When it says, they "went up to Jerusalem", "down to Gaza", "down to Jericho", the statements are in complete accord with geographical requirements of the land. Because of Its Foreknowledge of Scientific Matters * In 150 B.C., Hipparchus counted 1022 stars and announced that was all. In 120 A.D., Ptolemy counted 1026 stars. Today, powerful telescopes count over 400, 000, 000 but it is believed by the best authorities that the number exceeds two septillion (too many to count). The Bible has had this information for thousands of years. (See Gen 15:5 and 22:17). * It has been proven scientifically that the world is round. Yet, as late as the 15th century many people accepted the view that the world was flat. But, more than 2,000 years before man sailed around the world, Biblical writers described the shape of the earth. In Isaiah 40:20, we read: "It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers." Even the man who wrote these words might not have understood the full significance of what he was writing. Now, however, that it has been proved we can see that there is perfect harmony between what God revealed in His word and what man has discovered for himself. * There have been many strange ideas about the earth's support such as how the earth rested on the back of a giant turtle or the shoulders of Atlas. All the time the Bible said, "He... hangeth the earth upon nothing" (Job 26:7). * In the north, astronomers have discovered a great empty space with no stars or planets. But, the Bible had the information long ago --" He stretcheth out the north over empty space" (Job 26:7). Because Archaeology Testifies to Its Credibility * Skeptics doubted the existence of Sodom and Gomorrah for a long time, but they have been discovered at the bottom of the Dead Sea. * The walls of Jericho have been found and they did fall outward as the Bible states. * Skeptics said no such a city as Nineveh ever existed, but its remains have been unearthed. * In 1872, the Babylonian tablets were found by George Smith of the British Museum. They tell of the Flood and uphold the Bible record. They were dated at 688-626 B.C. There are many other examples of how the archaeologist's spade has provided evidence of the truth and validity of the Bible as a record of human history. Because of Its Power Over Its Enemies * Near the close of the 3rd century, the Roman Emperor, Diocletian, launched a relentless attack against the Bible. After two years of burning Bibles and portions of the Bible, he erected a monument on the ashes of a burned Bible, with the inscription, Extincto Nomine Christianorum -- "Extinct is the name Christian." Twenty years later, Constantine asked for copies of the New Testament -- 500 copies were brought out of hiding and presented to him within 24 hours. The Bible and the name Christian have existed 1600 years after Diocletian's death. * Voltaire, the famous French infidel, boasted that within 100 years the Bible would be a forgotten book. Within 100 years of his death, his home had been turned into a depot for the distribution of Bibles. * The American agnostic, Robert Ingersoll, once held a Bible in his hand and stated that in "fifteen years he would have that book in the morgue". Within 15 years Ingersoll was dead: but the Bible still lives. (Matt 24:35). * Lew Wallace, striving to discredit the Bible, in the final analysis wrote Ben Hur in its defense. * Rousseau, the French infidel admitted, "the majesty of the Scriptures amazes me." Because of Its Editions and Translations Most books come out in editions. After a few years, the number sold decreases and in a short time they usually drop out of print. A few editions are issued later as reprints, such as Shakespeare's works. But, the Bible has never gone out of print. Millions of copies are sold annually. Also, the Bible exists in over 1,000 different languages and dialects -- rarely is a book by man translated into as many as ten languages. For these reasons and many more YOU can believe the Bible is from God. Each fact proves its point to the unbiased mind and when these certain facts are tied together, they form an unbreakable cable. The Bible is no mere man's book. Its supernatural revelations and majestic truths show us the infinite Power, Mind and Love of an Almighty God. Please read 2 Pet 1:20-21.

Christ Crucified – The Theme of the Bible

God's eternal purpose concerning Christ was that He should be an atonement for man's sin, thereby reconciling man unto Himself. Man needed to be reconciled to God because his sins had separated him from God. Thus, Christ came to the world to die for all men in order that his blood might remove their sins. (Read again Jn 3:16 and Rom 5:8-11). It was, therefore, in keeping with God's "eternal purpose which he purposed in Jesus Christ our Lord." (Eph 3:11) It is the doctrine of a crucified Savior which makes the Christian religion different from all others. Granted that there are many similarities in the philosophical and ethical concepts of Christianity and other world religions, but the distinctive feature of Christianity remains a crucified leader on a Roman cross. Herein lies its uniqueness and thus the pressing claim of Christianity that only CHRIST can show us the true way. Why? The Bible is often spoken of as the story of a Person; the Old Testament tells about ONE who is coming; the New Testament tells about ONE who came, and who will come again. But, the coming, going or returning of that ONE would have little meaning unless he did something for man which man was unable to do for himself -- especially when it was prophesied of Him that he would do so many wonderful things. What did man require that he could not provide for himself? The answer is blood. The Bible says, ".... without the shedding of blood is no remission" of sins (Heb 9:22), and the blood of bulls and goats (or any other animal) could not remove sin. (Heb 10:3-4). Neither could a human sacrifice be offered because God required a perfect creature. "Whosoever offereth a sacrifice ... unto the Lord ... it shall be perfect to be accepted; there shall be no blemish therein." (See Lev 22:21). There are no sinless men (Rom 3:23), consequently, the perfect Son of God, Jesus Christ, fully human, fully Divine, was the only acceptable offering (1 Pet 1:18-19). This is why Christ Crucified is the theme of the Bible. This is why Paul said, "But we preach Christ crucified" (1 Cor 1:23). The world has had many religious leaders and so-called prophets who preached a message of deliverance testifying to the world that they knew the way and that men ought to follow them. These leaders being weak and fallible themselves, died providing nothing but advice; but the Bible teaches that the death of Jesus Christ, since He was the perfect Son of God, provided for something which the others could not match, that is, a sacrifice and atonement for the perennial dilemma of man -- sin. Man's need was NOT advice, BUT sacrifice. Thus, Christ was peculiar to all other religious instructors in that he came to the world for the purpose of dying. And, in that death he was able to show his great love for us -- for "Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends" (Jn 15:13). Is there another religious leader who, however sincere he may have been, was able to demonstrate his professed love and concern for his followers by dying FOR them?

How? Bible Lines Converge Toward a Crucified Christ Old Testament * In Gen 3:15, it is prophesied that the "seed of woman" (Christ was the only one who could properly be referred to as the "seed of woman", inasmuch as he had no earthly father), is to bruise the head of the serpent (Satan). However, in the process, Satan will bruise his heel. When Jesus Christ was killed on the cross, he gave a mortal blow to the power of Satan by providing a remedy for sin, that is why it is called bruising the head of the serpent. But, since Jesus was killed in the process, we can understand why it was said that his heel was bruised. * In a later prophecy (about 700 years before Christ), Isaiah says that it "pleased God to bruise him" (Isa 53:10). The word "bruise" in both passages (Genesis and Isaiah) refers to Christ's death on the cross. * The same prophet uses several expressions indicating the same. Read Isaiah 53:3-12

* Zechariah says that his body (hands, feet and side) were to be pierced. (Zec 12:10) * The Psalmist says that no bone is to be broken. (Psa 34:20 and Exo 12:46). Thus, the lines of the Old Testament all lead to a bleak hillside outside the city walls of Jerusalem where Christ poured out his blood for the salvation of sinful man. It is right to speak of the Bible as presenting God's plan for the redemption of man, and a crucified Christ is at the heart of that plan. Typification of Mosaical System One of the most noticeable features of the Jewish religion (as given in Moses' law) was that many things were types to which there would later be anti-types. In the New Testament, the writers often refer to something as having been presented "in type" in the Old Testament. For example, the word "shadow" as used in the New Testament often means "a representation, a sample which gives an idea of what the thing is to be." Three illustrations of the word "shadow" being used in the sense of a sample, or type are given:

* Col 2:16-17 -- Paul mentions some of the rites and ordinances under the Mosaical system (having to do with meat, drink holy days, new moons, sabbath days) and these are spoken of as "a shadow of things to come". * Heb 8:1-5 -- The writer speaks of the priestly system of gifts and sacrifices of the Old Testament and says that they "serve unto the example and shadow of heavenly things..." (verse 5). * Heb 10:1 -- The writer says that the law "having a shadow of good things to come and not the very image of the things, can never with those sacrifices which they offered year by year continually make the comers thereunto perfect."

Thus, we see that many things in the Old Testament were not the "very image" of the thing, but simply shadows, examples, representations, samples, types of the genuine, or real, which was to come later. This being true it is easy to understand why Paul referred to the law as "our SCHOOLMASTER to bring us unto Christ" (Gal. 3:24). Nowhere has this Type-Anti-type arrangement been more clearly illustrated than in the sacrificial system of the law.

With these examples before us, we, can more readily understand the significance of John the Baptist's statement in Jn 1:29 -- "Behold the Lamb of God which taketh away the sin of the world." Likewise, it is noteworthy to realize that Christ was crucified during the festival of the passover at Jerusalem -- the same time the Jews had sacrificed a passover lamb for centuries. Long centuries of animal sacrifices and altars darkly stained with the blood of countless beasts had indelibly stamped upon the Jewish mind the significance of sacrifice to God. It was the universal sense of sin expressed in human hearts, crying out for forgiveness, pardon and peace. The tragedy was that those who should have quickly and easily grasped the meaning of Christ's death on the cross (because of centuries of preparation for it) refused to accept and acknowledge it. Therefore, a crucified Christ became a stumbling block to them (1 Cor 1:23). But, alas, one of the paradoxes of man is that with all of his wisdom and ability he is often found to prefer the "shadows" and the synthetic to the genuine and the true. Thus, many of Jesus' own race still walk among the "shadows" and the "types" of the Old Testament. But, just as the "shadows" fade when the sunlight appears, even so the old law of Moses, (and all its ordinances) faded away forever when Christ, the light of the world, came on the scene.

New Testament In the same way that the lines of the Old Testament point toward Christ, the Lines of the New Covenant run back to Him.

* "We preach Christ crucified" (1 Cor 1:23). * Paul determined not to know anything among you, "save Jesus Christ and him crucified" (1 Cor 2:2). * "I am crucified with Christ" (Gal 2:20). * "God forbid that I should glory, save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom the world is crucified unto me, and I unto the world" (Gal 6:14). * They that are Christ's have crucified the flesh, with the affections and lusts" (Gal 5:24). * Those who fall away from Christ are said to "crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh and put him to an open shame" (Heb 6:6).

The following points have been established: (1) Christ provided the blood for an atoning sacrifice when he died on the cross. (2) It is precisely at this point that Christianity differs from all other religions and Christ differs from all other leaders. (3) The Old Testament, by prophecy and typification, points forward to a crucified Christ. (4) The New Testament points back to Christ and Him crucified. Christ's death as a sacrifice was in substitution for ours -- we deserve death because we have sinned, but he took our place on the cross upon which we should have been crucified. However, we can, and must be crucified with him (even as Paul in Gal 2:20) in living the Christian life.

The Message of the Early Church – A Resurrected Christ

To the Athenian philosophers, Paul said "... he hath appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world in righteousness by that man whom he hath ordained; whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead" (Acts 17:31). To the Corinthian Christians, he stated "And if Christ be not raised, your faith is vain; ye are yet in your sins" (1 Cor 15:17). These two references, one to infidels and one to Christians, will serve to focus attention upon the study. "Christianity actually stands or falls with the resurrection. If there is no resurrection the very foundation of Christian faith is swept away, and what remains is not worthy of acceptance. As the apostle Paul said, "if Christ hath not been raised, then is our preaching vain, your faith also is vain. Yea, and we are found false witnesses of God; because we witnessed of God that he raised up Christ" (1 Cor 15:14-15). "The resurrection is the foundation for belief in all other miracles in the Bible. If Christ could arise from the dead, it is a small matter for Him to heal the sick, the blind, or even calm a storm at sea. Given this one stupendous miracle, all other miracles follow as a matter of course. For this reason we find that the apostles of Christ spent little time trying to prove any one of the many miracles they reported. Rather they saved their testimony for the greatest miracle of all, the resurrection, and let all other miracles rest on this one. Fully one fourth of their gospels in the New Testament is given to a detailed account of the events connected with His death and resurrection, and the final week of His life leading up to the cross." The Way of the Empty Tomb Something happened to the body of Jesus Christ when it was taken down from the cross. The New Testament testifies that it was placed in the tomb of Joseph of Arimathaea and a guard of 20 men placed there. Sunday morning, THAT TOMB WAS EMPTY, as everyone admits, believer, or unbeliever. No one questions the death of Jesus, or that his body was placed in Joseph's tomb, but what happened to his body is a different story. So, THE MOST VITAL EVENT IN HISTORY FOCUSES ON A TOMB IN PALESTINE WHICH WAS SUPPOSED TO CONTAIN THE REMAINS OF ONE WHO CALLED HIMSELF THE SAVIOR OF MAN. We cannot prove the resurrection by demonstration since it was unique, however we can find the proof for a historical event (the resurrection) in historical evidence. Let us study the historical evidence available to judge the reality of the event, just as though the Bible (though we believe it to be God's inspired word) were any other history book . Now, what does the evidence show? Real issue: WHAT BECAME OF THE BODY OF JESUS

* Was it removed by his enemies? * Was it removed by his friends? * Or was it raised from the dead by the power of God, as the Bible says in Rom. 1:4 and many other references?

Did His Enemies Remove the Body?

* Did they have a proper motive? No, because it was already within their possession, and every precaution was taken to keep it where it had been placed. THEY WERE ANXIOUS FOR IT TO STAY THERE. (Read Matt 27:62-66). * "There are five capital offenses connected with such an act -- all carrying the death penalty. For breaking the seal For allowing the seal to be broken For removing the body For allowing the body to be removed For sleeping on duty But, no guard was ever arrested for sleeping on duty. See Acts 12:19 to learn what happened in those days to guards who lost their prisoners. * Their attitude on the following Pentecost indicates that they had not removed the body. If they had, they would have produced the body. Instead, no body was produced and some 3,000 of them accepted the apostles' statements placing their trust in a risen Lord (Acts 2).

Did His Friends Remove the Body?

* The testimony of the guards was plainly false. (Read Matt 28:11-15). "What became of the body?" they were asked. "It was stolen", they replied, with no mention of being overpowered. "What were you doing at the time?" No explanation came from the guards, but the Jewish priests suggested sleeping. However, no disciple was ever arrested for stealing the body. * The disciples lacked a proper motive for stealing it, since they plainly did not expect Christ to be raised from the dead (Jn 20:11-13; Lk 24:10-24; Mk 16:9-13; Jn 20:24-25). * Suppose the disciples had tried to steal the body. The normal population of Jerusalem (about 250,000) swelled to about three million in the Passover season. This was a great crowd in a small area. It would have been difficult to hide a body without being detected. * The disciples had demonstrated their timidity (Matt 26:56, 58).

Various Theories of the Resurrection Proposed by Non-believers Swoon Theory The idea was that Christ did not really die, but only appeared to be dead; later He revived in the tomb, pushed the stone away and came forth. Impossible!!! Evidence shows He was plainly dead at his entombment. He was weak, His side was pierced, and there was found to be no need to break His legs as He was already dead (Jn 19:31-37). Was He able to push the stone aside? Did He evade the guards? What became of Him later? Did He remain in hiding while His followers toiled and suffered and died? If He did not die at this time, WHEN did He die? Vision Theory This theory holds that Christ appeared to his disciples afterward but only in spiritual visions. But, were the unbelieving disciples ready to believe in visions? Furthermore, this would involve a miracle and a deception on the part of Christ. (See Lk 24:39). Also, what happened to the body? This theory does not attempt to explain anything; it ignores the problem and the facts. Wrong Tomb Theory The women are supposed to have made a mistake when they went to the tomb on Sunday morning. But, would they have forgotten so soon? Did Peter and John also find the wrong tomb? An angel was there saying, "Come see the place where the Lord lay." Did the angel make a mistake, too? This was a private burial place, and likely there were no other tombs around to allow them to make such a mistake. The theory is untenable.

Joseph Theory In this theory the tomb's owner is supposed to have taken the body out later, having changed his mind. But, why would Joseph want to remove the body? He had given his own tomb for Jesus' body and in the process had virtually taken his Life in his hands. Why would Joseph later dishonor this body by taking it and hiding it in an obscure place. Furthermore, the Roman soldiers were not told to make an exception of Joseph. Dr. Joseph Klausner, the man who suggested this, did not offer one single reference as evidence -- maybe he just liked the name. Falsehood Theory The disciples are supposed to have purposely plotted to deceive the people, knowing all along he had not been raised. ABSURD!! They had no motive. Their moral character denies this theory. Legend Theory Some say that the story arose several years after it happened. But, the time was too short for legends to arise. How could a legend produce a Pentecost? How could it convert Peter and the others, and 3,000 on Pentecost? How could it win Paul? See also below, CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESURRECTION WHICH DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN IT AND SO-CALLED MODERN DAY MIRACLES. A theory is just an opinion until proven. There is no proof for any of the above theories. Positive Evidences of Christ's Resurrection * After the resurrection, Christ made 10 or 11 appearances to witnesses. (1 Cor 15:4-8).

To the women at the tomb. (Matt 28:1) To 11 disciples in assembly. (Mk 16:14) To 10 disciples. (Jn 20:19-24) To 11 disciples in Galilee. (Matt 28:16-17) To 7 disciples at the sea of Tiberius. (Jn 21:1-2) To 2 disciples on the Emmaus road. (Lk 24:13-15) To 500 disciples. (1 Cor 15:6)

* The appearances ceased after a certain time -- 40 days and no more. This is not like myths, and legends where appearances increase in number and complexity with time. A remarkable change took place in the lives of the disciples. (Book of Acts).

Characteristics of the Resurrection which Distinguish Between it and So-called Modern Day Miracles * His enemies were the first to tell it. * It was believed from the first day. * The resurrection was preached in the SAME CITY IN WHICH IT HAPPENED. Investigate the origin of the so-called miracles of modern times and compare them with this miracle. They are as spurious as the limited amount of information available about their origins. The testimony of the empty tomb says: * To science and philosophy : EXPLAIN THIS EVENT! * To history: REPRODUCE THIS EVENT! * To time: BLOT OUT THIS EVENT! * To faith: RECEIVE THIS EVENT!

The evidence of the resurrection of Christ is overwhelming. There is more proof of His resurrection than there is that Julius Caesar was ever emperor of Rome, or that Alexander the Great conquered the world. His followers believed it and they gave their lives to support their faith. Many will die for things in which they believe right or wrong, but have you ever heard of a person who would die for something he knew to be a lie? The truth is that the resurrection was never seriously questioned until many centuries later. The proofs in favor of it are far too numerous and compelling. It was with this certain fact that the early Christians "turned the world upside down" with the gospel.

THE FOUNDATION OF THE CHURCH OF CHRIST "I will build my church" Matt 16:18 "Thou art the Christ" Matt 16:16 "Behold, I lay in Zion for a foundation a stone, a tried stone, a precious cornerstone, a sure foundation." (Isa 28:16) "Jesus saith unto them, Did ye never read in the scriptures, The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner." (Matt 21:42) "This is the stone which was set at nought of you builders, which is become the head of the corner." (Acts 4:11) "And are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief cornerstone." (Eph 2:20) "Wherefore also it is contained in the scripture. Behold, I lay in Sion a chief cornerstone, elect, precious." (1 Pet 2:6) "For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid which is Jesus Christ." (1 Cor 3:11) * The coming of the kingdom was foretold by the prophets. * The date of its establishment was Pentecost, A.D. 33. The Kingdom and the church are one and the same.

Consider the following facts about the Church:

* The church, the ekklesia, the "called out" body of Christ is not a denomination. * We are baptized into Christ, into His body, added to the church and translated into the kingdom. * There is one true church -- the Bible does not approve of denominations (division). See 1 Cor 1:10-13. * The church, world-wide, or local, is not a denomination. * The church is not a physical structure (a building); it is a spiritual structure.

But, you may ask, what about the foundation of the church? Foundation of the Church In Matt 7:24-27, Jesus told this story. "Therefore whosoever heareth these saying of mine, and doeth them I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock. And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not: for it was founded upon a rock. And everyone that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the sand: And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell : and great was the fall of it."

Thus we understand that things founded upon rocks are certain to remain. In Matt 16:18, Jesus said: "Upon this rock I will build my church and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it."

These points can be quickly established. * Christ was to be the builder. "I will build..." * The church of Christ belongs to Christ; it is of Christ. "I will build my church." It is owned by Him. He possesses it. * He will build his church -- not churches, as of many, but church, as of one. * He will build his church. In previous study you learned that it was erected on Pentecost, A.D. 33. * His church is his kingdom. (Read verses 18 and 19 together)

But, what about the rock? To what, or whom was Jesus refer? There are only two alternatives.

* Peter, or * Peter's confession -- "Thou art the Christ..." (v.16).

So, it was either Christ's confession of Peter, or Peter's confession of Christ, Many religionists insist that Peter was rock because the word Peter means rock or Stone. However, the original Greek language positively was not permit this interpretation, because two different words are used.

Peter -- or Petros (masculine gender), a small stone or piece of rock. rock -- or petra (feminine gender), a huge foundation boulder.

Jesus said, "Thou art Peter (Petros), "a little stone", and upon this rock (petra), "a big boulder", I will build my church" (Matt 16:18). Notice, Jesus did not say that he would build his church upon Peter (Petros), "a little stone" but declared that it would be upon the rock (petra). The rock (petra) "foundation boulder" upon which Christ built his church was the mighty foundation fact declared by Peter, "Thou art the Christ, the son of the living God." Thus, the church of Christ rests not upon the weakness of a mortal human being (Peter), but on the strength of God's son. Additional References Support the Conclusion:

* Paul declared, "Other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which is Christ" (1 Cor 3:11). * Also, "Being built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Christ Jesus himself being the chief corner stone" (Eph 2:20). See also 1 Pet 2:6. * God, through the prophet Isaiah said, "Behold, I lay in Zion for a foundation a stone, a tried stone, a precious cornerstone, a sure foundation" (Isa 28:16). * The Lord Jesus Christ applied this prophecy (Isa 28:16) to Himself. (Matt 21:42). * The apostle Peter also applied the same prophecy to Christ. (Acts 4:11).

Christ said of His church, "The gates of hell shall not prevail against it." They have not and they will not. Why? "It was founded upon a rock" (Matt 7:25) and that Rock was Christ. Two true foundations, therefore, are Christ and the Bible. But, what of that which is founded on someone, or something other than Christ? That which is not on the Rock is on the sand, Jesus says. Identity of the Church The church that Christ had said he would build (Matt 16:18) was established in the days of the apostles not long after Jesus' resurrection from the dead. When Peter and the apostles preached about the death, burial and raising of Christ on Pentecost, A.D. 33, the great crowd gathered that day was deeply stirred (Act 2:1-37). So powerful and convincing was the message that 3,000 men and women were baptized for the remission of their sins (Acts 2:38-41) that same day. And, by this same process they were added to the church (Acts 2:41-47). Thus, the church had its beginning. Those who were baptized became members of the church which Jesus bought with His blood (Acts 20:28). It was known as the church of Christ, i.e, the church that Christ established. Collectively, the churches were called "churches of Christ" (Rom 16:16). Those who were in the church were called Christians (Acts 11:26). The church was governed by divine authority with Christ as its only head (Eph 1:22-23; 5:23-24), Christ was the only creed of the early church and the New Testament its only law of faith and practice. Their faith was in Christ and His word was their guide. Each congregation of the church with Christ as its head, had its own elders (always a plurality whose responsibility it was to oversee and nurture the members of the church (1 Pet 5:1-3; Phil 1:1). There were also deacons whose job it was to minister to all. The early church was united as Christ had prayed (Jn 17:21). It followed the teachings of the apostles of Christ that they must remain united (1 Cor 1:l0-13). It worshipped by singing songs of praise to God (without instruments) (Eph 5:19); by praying to God through Christ (Acts 2:42), by observing the Lord's supper upon the first day of every week (Acts 20:7; by giving on the first day of the week (1 Cor 16:1-2); and by teaching, or preaching the Word of God (1 Tim 4:13). In order to become members, believers were taught that they must repent of their sins (Lk 13:3), confess the name of Christ (Rom 10:10) and be baptized into Christ for the remission, or taking away of their sins (Rom 6:4; Acts 2:38). Baptism was always by immersion only (Acts 8:38-39; Rom 6:3-4). And, only those who had believed in Christ and repented of their sins were subjects for baptism (Acts 2:38, Mk 16:16). Expansion of the Church The pattern of extension for Christ's church is given in Acts 1:8. "But ye shall receive power after that the Holy Ghost is come upon you: and ye shall be witnesses unto me both in Jerusalem, and in Judea, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost parts of the earth." From this passage we note two things: Guidance of the Holy Spirit Christ had promised his apostles that when He went away, the Comforter (the Holy Spirit) would come. (Jn 14:16-18). The Holy Spirit was to:

* Teach them all things (Jn 14:26). * Bring to their remembrance all that Jesus had said to them (Jn 14:26). * Guide them into all truth (Jn 16:13).

Therefore, we can be assured that in their writings and teachings, the apostles were not setting forth their own opinions and speculations, but, even as the holy men of God (the prophets) in the Old Testament, they "spake as they were moved by the Holy Spirit" (2 Pet 1:21). One of the greatest comforts for Christians is that of God's promise of perpetual guidance in the Bible. He has not left us to grope and stumble after truth with only our limited reasoning power to guide us. God's own revealed will has come to us -- and through the Holy Spirit. The apostles of Christ went out in the first century with these calm assurances:

* "For it is not ye that speak, but the Spirit of your Father that speaketh in you" (Matt 10:20). * "For the Holy Spirit shall teach you in that very hour what ye ought to say" (Lk 12:12).

Let It Be Remembered: The church was established and spread several years before the New Testament was written. Later, after the New Testament was completed, the Holy Spirit no longer worked in a special way as in the beginning. Today, He works through the written word of God -- the Bible. This topic will be discussed more fully in a later lesson. Ye Shall Be My Witnesses Jesus gave his disciples their "marching orders" in the Great Commission. You may recall also that the evangelization of the world was one of the works of the church. Let us follow the church as it enjoys unprecedented growth. From an original group of 120 (Acts 1:15) watch it expand.

Jerusalem

* "And they that gladly received his world were baptized and the same day there were added unto them about 3,000 souls" (Acts 2:41) * "Howbeit many of them which heard the word believed; and the number of the men was about 5,000" (Acts 4:4). * "And the multitude of them that believed were of one heart and of one soul" (Acts 4:32). * "And believers were the more added to the Lord, multitudes both of men and women" (Acts 5:14). * "And in those days when the number of the disciples was multiplied..." (Acts 6:1). * "And the word of God increased; and the number of disciples multiplied in Jerusalem greatly; and a great company of the priests were obedient to the faith" (Acts 6:7).

Judea and Samaria

* "And they were all scattered abroad throughout the regions of Judea and Samaria, except the apostles... Therefore, they that were scattered went everywhere preaching the word" (Acts 8:1-4). * "And the people with one accord gave heed, ... they were baptized both men and women" (Acts 8:6, 12). * "And preached the gospel in many villages of the Samaritans" (Acts 8:25). * "Then had the churches rest throughout all Judea and Galilee and Samaria, and ... were multiplied" (Acts 9:31). * In Joppa "many believed in the Lord" (Acts 9:42).

Uttermost Parts of the Earth

"In Antioch "much people were added to the Lord ... they assembled themselves with the church, and taught much people" (Acts 11:24, 26). "But the word of the Lord grew and multiplied" (Acts 12:24). Paul made three missionary journeys which started from the city of Antioch. A great multitude both of the Jews and also of the Greeks believed" (Acts 14:1). "And some of them believed ... and of the devout Greeks a great multitude, and of the chief women not a few" (Acts 17:4). "Many of the Corinthians hearing believed and were baptized" (Acts 18:8). "So that all they which dwelt in Asia heard the word of the Lord Jesus, both Jews and Greeks" (Acts 19:10). "So mightily grew the word of God and prevailed" (Acts 19:20).

Summary of the Expansion:

* Paul said, "Verily, their sound went into all the earth, and their words unto the ends of the world" (Rom 10:18). * To the church at Colosse, he added, "If ye continue in faith grounded and settled, and be not moved away from the hope of the gospel, which ye have heard, and which was preached unto every creature under heaven; whereof, I Paul, am made a minister" (Col 1:23).

With such statements it is of little wonder that history says that in the Roman Empire, before the end of the first century, there were more than six million loyal Christians. (Hardeman, p.46). Tertullian (160-220 A.D.) wrote, "We are of yesterday. Yet we have filled your Empire, your cities, your towns, your islands, your tribes, your camps, castles, palaces, assemblies, and senates." By the end of the 3rd century, Christians numbered about one-half of the population of the Roman Empire. With the proper foundation (Christ) and the guidance of the Holy Spirit through the spoken word of God, the early Christians literally "turned the world upside down." (Acts 17:6). You will note that the growth was more than in numbers. Count the times it says that the word of God grew, or increased. Growth in numbers was in numbers is attributed to the growth and increase of God's word.

The thrilling story of the expansion of the church to the "ends of the earth" was troubled by two factors. First, the relentless fires of persecution which spread against it. From Nero in 64 A.D. to Diocletian in 311 A.D., several million Christians perished in general as well as local persecutions. Second, there were the ominous warnings of an apostasy -- falling away. Even before the last apostle died, and before the end of the first century, members of the church of Christ began to drift away from the doctrine of Christ. But, it did not come unexpectedly. It Was Prophesied

* "After my departing grievous wolves shall enter in among you, not sparing the flock" (Acts 20:29). * "Also, of your ownselves shall men arise, speaking perverse things, to draw away disciples after them" (Acts 20:30). * "Now the Spirit speaketh expressly that in the later times some shall depart from the faith" (1 Tim 4:1). "Let no man deceive you by any means, for that day shall not come (Christ's return) except there come a falling away first" (2 Thess 2:3).

Special Warnings Were Given By Christ

* "Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves" (Matt 7:15). * "For false Christs and false prophets shall arise ... to seduce, if it were possible, even the elect" (Mk 13:22). * "And many false prophets shall rise, and shall deceive many" (Matt 24:24).

By the Apostles

* "... many false prophets are gone out into the world" (1 Jn 4:1). * "... there shall be false teachers among you who privily shall bring in damnable heresies. ..." (2 Pet 2:1). * "Evil men and seducers shall wax worse and worse deceiving ..." (2 Tim 3:13). * "There shall be mockers ..." (Jude 18).

Seeds of the Apostasy Were Already Sown -- Clearly Observed

* "For the mystery of lawlessness doth already work" (2 Thess 2:7). * " ... even now there are many antichrists;" (1 Jn 2:18). * "And every spirit that confesseth not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is not of God: and this is that spirit of anti-christ, ..., and even now already is it in the world" (1 Jn 4:3).

Facts About the Falling Away When -- the Falling Away

* In the "later times" (1 Tim 4:1). John explains that with the development of the antichrist, we shall know that it is the "last time". Therefore, the "last time" is sometime after Christ. There could be no antichrist until there was a Christ. (1 Jn 2:18). * Before Christ's second coming (2 Thess 2:3). * "... even now there are, many antichrists;" (1 Jn 2:18).

Where -- the Falling Away

* "Of your own selves shall men arise, ..." (Acts 20:30). * " ... there shall be false teachers among you who privily shall bring in damnable heresies" (2 Pet 2:1).

Why -- the Falling Away

* Men shall "heap to themselves teachers having itching ears ..." (2 Tim 4:3) * Men "will not endure sound doctrine" (2 Tim 4:3). * Men will "give heed to seducing spirits and doctrines of devils" (1 Tim 4:1). *Men "received not the love of the truth that they might be saved" (2 Thess 2:10). * Men "believed not the truth, but had pleasure in unrighteousness" (2 Tim 2:12). * "Men "shall turn away their ears from the truth ,... to fables" (2 Tim 4:4).

How -- the Falling Away

* False prophets arose and deceived. (Matt 4:24). * Some preached "another gospel". Gal 1:6-8). * Some sought to induce Christians to return to the law of Moses. (Gal 5:1-4). * Sectarians divided the church. (1 Cor 1:10-13). * Gnostics (all-knowing ones) tried to elevate human wisdom above the wisdom of God. (1 Cor 1:18-29). * Some compromised with error. (2 Cor 6:14-17). *Some profaned the Lord's Supper. (1 Cor 11:18-29). * Modernists denied the Lord. (Jude 3-4 and 2 Pet 2:1). * Skeptics denied the incarnation of Christ. (1 Jn 4:2-3).

The apostasy was clearly foretold and the New Testament is replete with warnings. The seed germs existed in the original church as expressed by "the mystery of lawlessness" and "the spirit of antichrist". When was it to come? It started in the early church and gradually developed. Where did it start? Right in the church itself, and among its leaders -- the elders. Why did it happen? It came as a result of man's unwillingness to search for and accept the truth. They refused to take a stand for right against wrong, and thus were susceptible to false doctrine. Men were all too willing to listen to any teacher, preacher or prophet who could tell them what they liked to hear. They preferred man's wisdom to God's wisdom. We begin to raise questions about the very foundation of a church that we believe "fell away". This church, the Roman Catholic, claims to be the one true church. There are many reasons which suggest otherwise. This church group is entitled to its opinion and their rights are to be respected. However, this course is an appeal to this church and all other churches to examine their teachings and practices to see if they are really following the Bible, or have been following mainly the traditions of men. Recall the stern warning Jesus made with regard to following man-made traditions instead of God's word in the Bible. See Matt 15:1-20. Could it have been averted? Yes, but only if the members of the church had retained the respect and honor for the authority of God's word -- the Bible. Men fell away because they left the authority of God, preferring the counsel of men.

We have discovered how God made ready for the coming of His Son, how Christ made preparation for the advent of His church, and how the message of resurrected Christ spread around the world like wildfire as the church grew strong; but, then the unmistakable signs of decay from within began to appear and a "falling away" was in progress. Some would depart from the faith, drawing away disciples after them, not sparing the flock. The Man of Sin would come. It is, therefore, of great importance that the student of church history follow the rise and progress of the corrupt church which was pointed toward by the apostles. In order to fully understand and appreciate the true church, we must know as much as possible about the apostate church. If the apostate church had been the natural outgrowth of the teachings and example of Christ, those who strive for and believe in the good of mankind would tend to reject it. However, let this apostasy not be charged to the teachings of Christ. We may not understand fully why such a development occurred but we accept His religion because history shows that the true followers of Christ have led in all that is good and right for man. Furthermore, we understand that even in the days of deepest apostasy, there have always been true and faithful disciples of the word of God. In this study, we will be concerned with what brought it about. First, we shall observe the changes in organization. Next, we will note the distinction that arose between clergy and laity. Finally, we will study how the simple New Testament pattern of worship was corrupted. Changes in Organization Corruption of the Office of Elders The first departure came just as Paul prophesied (Acts 20:29), among the elders of the church. There are only two classes of church officers -- elders and deacons. All the authority for governing the church was vested in the elderships. Recall also that elders are called bishops, presbyters, overseers, pastors and shepherds. There is always a plurality of elders and all are equal in authority. Deacons were brethren specially designated to serve in the church. Episcopal, Presbyterial, and Catholic forms of church government are unknown to the Bible, having originated elsewhere.

* During the second century, the practice of selecting one of the elders to preside over the meeting as a permanent president was begun. This elder was called "Bishop" to distinguish him from the others. * The authority of these "Bishops" gradually increased until he was assigned to rule some congregations which grouped together in a certain district. This district or territory became known as a diocese. * When the diocese became too large and had to be divided, this created the need for another class of officers -- a country Bishop. They had middle rank between bishops and presbyters. . * When several of these diocese within a province or state were grouped together, another office was introduced -- that of Archbishop. * Later, another class of officers developed who were to rule over all the districts or diocese in a nation -- a Cardinal. * With the development having grown this much, what was to keep it from going further? They were just one step away from the office of Universal Bishop -- the Pope -- in 606 A.D. (600 years after Christ) it became an accomplished fact.

Rise of Church Councils and Synods

* During the second century, congregational autonomy continued. * But, as problems arose the "Bishops" and the elders began coming together to hold councils. * "These councils, of which no vestige appears before the middle of the second century, changed nearly the whole form of the church" (Mosheim 1:116-7). * The privileges of ordinary Christians was greatly decreased and the power of the Bishops was greatly increased. * Those who presided over the councils were called Metropolitans -- a position of great power. * The rulers of large city districts were called patriarchs-meaning "chief fathers". * "Councils and synods were an important means of maintaining and promoting ecclesiastical unity and deciding questions of faith and discipline". * "At first the councils were held in the various provinces, independent of each other, but in 325 A.D., the first General Ecumenical Council was held in Nicea. * "As more of these general councils were held, the church began to appear as a vast republic, with sectional leaders all over the world. The concept of Universal Pope developed out of these councils.

Development of Creeds The creation of human creeds which deny the all-sufficiency of the Word of God, brought on further departures.

* They came as the result of the formation of councils, which assumed the right to legislate beliefs. * Early creeds

Apostles Creed -- made up in middle of second century, but not by the apostles. Creed of Athanasius -- made up in the fourth century -- still used by the Church of England. Nicene Creed -- adopted as a formal statement of faith by the Council of Nicea in 325 A.D. -- over 300 bishops present.

* These early creeds were the foundation of modern church manuals, confessions of faith, catechisms, creeds and disciplines. * Creeds are the opinions and speculations of men which Jesus expressly condemned. "Teaching for doctrine the commandments of men" (Matt 15:9). (See also Titus 1:13-14). * There is only one creed for the Christian -- Matt 16:16.

If a creed contains more than the Bible -- it contains too much. If a creed contains less than the Bible -- it contains too little. If a creed contains the same as the Bible -- it is unnecessary. The Development of the Clergy The departure created a special caste of preachers, separating them from "laymen"

* Before the apostasy, all Christians were equal -- each being a priest unto God (Rev 1:5, 6; 5:10). * The distinction between clergy and laity arose gradually with the growth of episcopal power. * "As the Roman hierarchy developed, the clergy came to be not merely a distinct order, but also to be recognized as the only priesthood and the essential means of communication between man and God". * These were the first to advocate the system: * Ignatius (110 A.D.) said that the clergy was a necessary medium for the people to reach God. * Clement of Rome (31-110 A.D.) wrote an epistle to the Corinthians in which he used the term "laymen" for the people. This is the germ of the whole sacerdotal system. * Tertullian (160-240 A.D.) asserted the sacerdotal claim. * Cyprian (died 238 A.D.) was the father of the sacerdotal conception of the Christian ministry. He drew a parallel between the Aaronic priesthood and preachers of the gospel. * "The first appearances of a distinction between priestly and secular dress is in a mosaic in the Church of St. Vitalis in Ravenna, 6th century, and another mosaic of the same period in the Church of St. Sophia at Constantinople".

Corruption of the Worship Over a period of years the simple New Testament pattern became so drastically altered as to be unrecognizable.

* First century worship -- what was it like? The church that Christ had said he would build (Matt 16:18) was established in the days of the apostles not long after Jesus' resurrection from the dead. When Peter and the apostles preached about the death, burial and raising of Christ on Pentecost, A.D. 33, the great crowd gathered that day was deeply stirred (Acts 2:1-37). So powerful and convincing was the message that 3,000 men and women were baptized for the remission of their sins (Acts 2:38-41) that same day. And, by this same process they were added to the church (Acts 2:41-47). Thus, the church had its beginning. Those who were baptized became members of the church which Jesus bought with His blood (Acts 20:28). It was known as the church of Christ, i.e, the church that Christ established. Collectively, the churches were called "churches of Christ" (Rom 16:16). Those who were in the church were called Christians (Acts 11:26). The church was governed by divine authority with Christ as its only head (Eph 1:22-23; 5:23-24), Christ was the only creed of the early church and the New Testament its only law of faith and practice. Their faith was in Christ and His word was their guide. Each congregation of the church with Christ as its head, had its own elders (always a plurality whose responsibility it was to oversee and nurture the members of the church (1 Pet 5:1-3; Phil 1:1). There were also deacons whose job it was to minister to all. The early church was united as Christ had prayed (Jn 17:21). It followed the teachings of the apostles of Christ that they must remain united (1 Cor 1:l0-13). It worshipped by singing songs of praise to God (without instruments) (Eph 5:19); by praying to God through Christ (Acts 2:42), by observing the Lord's supper upon the first day of every week (Acts 20:7; by giving on the first day of the week (1 Cor 16:1-2); and by teaching, or preaching the Word of God (1 Tim 4:13). In order to become members, believers were taught that they must repent of their sins (Lk 13:3), confess the name of Christ (Rom 10:10) and be baptized into Christ for the remission, or taking away of their sins (Rom 6:4; Acts 2:38). Baptism was always by immersion only (Acts 8:38-39; Rom 6:3-4). And, only those who had believed in Christ and repented of their sins were subjects for baptism (Acts 2:38, Mk 16:16).

* Second century worship -- what was it like? Justin Martyr (c. 100-163 A.D.) gives us a description of weekly worship services: "On the day called Sunday all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles (i.e. gospels) or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits; then when the reader has ceased; the president (minister) verbally instructs, and exhorts to the imitation of these good things. Then, we all rise together and pray, and when our prayer is ended bread and wine and water are brought, and the president in like manner offers prayers and thanksgivings, according to his ability, and the people assent saying Amen; and there is a distribution to each, and a participation of that over which thanks has been given. Then they are carried by the deacons to the houses of the absent. The wealthy and the willing then give contributions according to their freewill; and this collection is deposited with the president who therewith supplies orphans, widows, prisoners, strangers, and all who are in want".

* Worship in the third century and following -- what was it like? Ritualism came into the worship. Such foreign items as images, pictures, relics, etc. were introduced. In the fourth century, saint worship began. Veneration for departed saints, and martyrs became more extravagant. Many other practices apart from New Testament teaching started up.

Why did these changes come? They came for three main reasons:

* A love for preeminence which caused men to struggle for position and power. * Neglect of Bible study. People turned the labor of learning God's will over to their leaders instead of studying for themselves. * Men came to disregard the authority of the Bible and made the opinions of men equal to it. Thus, the Bible became a forgotten book and men were ignorant of its teachings.

As men left the authority of the word of God, rejecting the simple pattern of the New Testament, they created something -- already described in previous lessons -- which has been a millstone about the neck of the of Christ for many centuries. As each human law replace divine revelation, the church became more and more a human institution. Once the gates of innovation were opened, all manner of corruption rode into the church on the tide of human interest.

With the final changes in the organization, a distinction between clergy and the laity, and the introduction of innovations into the worship service, the apostasy was complete. What the world saw after the fourth century A.D. was something quite different from the simple Christianity of the first century. Our study today will be concerned with continued expansion of Catholicism as it became the greatest secularized, religio-political organization the world has ever known. The Struggle for Power

* The creation of the office of pope was a long and bitterly contested matter. * By the fourth century, the patriarchs were established in the four great capitols of the Roman empire: Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria and Antioch. The Jerusalem bishop was recognized in an honorary capacity only. Before Constantinople was founded, the order of importance was Rome, Alexandria and Antioch. Later, Constantinople was in second place. The council of Chalcedon in 451 A.D., declared Constantinople to have equal rank with Rome. Leo the Great, bishop of Rome, violently protested but to no avail. * For several centuries, the Roman bishop was not recognized as superior to others. Many Italian bishops refused to recognize him. North African bishops claimed supreme authority in their area. * Many early religious leaders denied the primacy of the Roman bishop. Ambroze of Milan (397 A.D.) said, No, to Roman authority. Jerome (419 A.D.) said all bishops were equal. Augustine (430 A.D.) denied that the church was built on Peter--thus the entire structure crumbles on the testimony of one of their saints. * Some historians consider Leo the Great (440-461 A.D.) to be the first pope in the present day sense of the term. Bishop Siricius, (4th century A.D.), first used the term "pope" as a title. "But the first pope, in the proper sense of the word, is Leo I, who justly bears the title of the Great in the history of the Latin hierarchy". "He was animated with the unwavering conviction that the Lord himself had committed to him, as the successor of Peter, the care of the whole church". * Other historians consider Boniface III, in 606 A.D., as the first pope in the genuine sense. In the 6th century, Rome and Constantinople were two rival powers for control. In 588, John the Faster, Bishop of Constantinople, claimed the title -- Universal Patriarch, or pope. He was the first to make the claim. Gregory the Great, Bishop of Rome (590-604 A.D.) reacted bitterly to John's claim, accusing him of being the Antichrist. But, only a few years later, (606 A.D.), Boniface III had Phocas, the emperor, crown him as the pope, wresting the title away from the Bishop of Constantinople. Hence, the thing Gregory fought so bitterly, was assumed by the very man who succeeded him -- Boniface III, and those who followed him.

Catholicism Becomes the State Church of the Empire

The arrival of Constantine to position of Roman Emperor brought wide-sweeping changes in favor of Christianity -- 306 A.D. * In 313, Constantine issued an Edict of Toleration at Milan, granting freedom of all religions. He enacted many laws favorable to Christianity. * He called the Council of Nicea in 325 A.D., introducing the idea of setting up a written creed to which all would adhere. * Constantine exercised great control over the church. He convened councils, instituted and deposed bishops, and acted as universal temporal bishop though he himself was un-baptized at the time. * He made Christianity the state religion of Rome. "The Christianizing of the state amounted in a great measure to the paganizing and secularizing of the church". * Constantine was not baptized until just before his death. Many scholars feel that his "conversion" (not in the true sense) was a political expedient. * Emperor Theodosius (378-395 A.D.) introduced still another dimension -- he made membership in the church compulsory. These forced conversions filled the churches with unregenerate people. Furthermore, he tried to forcibly suppress other religions and condemned idol worship. Under his command heathen temples were torn down and there was much blood shed. Thus, in the fourth century, the persecuted church of three centuries becomes the persecutor. How strangely different this organization was to the religion of Christ.

The Creation of the Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire, a Church-State Combine, was the Work of Charlemagne Charlemagne was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III on December 25, 800, in return for Charlemagne's recognition of the pope's temporal power over the papal states. He had a burning desire to establish a Holy Roman Empire, with the church and government having universal dominion. He "did not hesitate to take strong ground in the matter of image worship against popes and councils. He appointed bishops and abbots with the utmost freedom". This second great union of the church and state instilled even more temporal power into the Catholic Church. The popes became very powerful and prominent men as a result.

The Catholic Church Became Increasingly Involved in a Political as well as a Spiritual Rulership Hilderbrand (Pope Gregory VII), in 1073, "allowed nothing to stand in the way of the realization of his ideal of universal papal dominion in spiritual and secular things".

* He demanded of William the Conqueror to "yield unto me unconditional obedience". Many popes later dominated kings. * He claimed the right "to give and to take away empires, kingdoms, principalities... and all manner of human rights and properties". All popes claim this power. * He said that "civil rulers occupy their positions only by virtue of the approval of the vicar of Christ (the pope); that "all secular rulers and ecclesiastical rulers must submit themselves absolutely to his authority; and if a civil authority resisted the pope, he could replace him with a faithful Catholic". Modern popes claim the same thing. * In 1198 (under Innocent III), the papacy reached the heighth of its power, and kept it until 1303 (under Boniface VIII).

Papal Power Declined in the Later Part of the Middle Ages It came as a result of the failure of the Crusades, cruel oppressions of the church in such as the Inquisition, the enforcement of celibacy and its resultant immorality, and the papal office becoming the object of greedy ambition. But, for some time the Catholic Church continued to dictate to emperors, maintain a standing army to fight against her enemies, and rule over the papal states. Gradually, the church lost her territories, and her armies were defeated. Final defeat came at the hands of Guiseppi Garibaldi, Italian commander under King Victor Emmanuel, who destroyed the Catholic forces in 1859. The material domain is now limited to the Vatican. The Vatican is a territory in the city of Rome -- 108.7 acres in size. In it are: the papal palace, St. Peter's Cathedral, the Vatican library, radio station, post office, newspaper office, a railroad, a mint, and the Vatican treasury.

Thus, we have seen the rise and fall of the greatest religio-political machine in man's history. But, did it fall? It's army may have been destroyed in 1859 and it's political power taken away in 1870 (by popular vote the pope lost to the government of Italy -- final count -- 133, 648 to 1,507), but that same year, the greatest triumph yet was realized when Pope Plus IX was successful in having the Council of Trent declare the pope -- INFALLIBLE. This was the crowning blow of the ages -- eighteen centuries of preparation and with one stroke it was done. Since that date, every Catholic who is faithful must render unquestioned obedience to an alleged infallible leader, the pope.